Influence of adjuncts as a debittering aids in encountering the bitterness developed in cheese slurry during accelerated ripening

An attempt was made to accelerate the flavour development in cheese base with the help of exogenous proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes (1:1 proportion, each at the rate of 0.025% by weight of cheese‐base) and ripening at elevated temperatures (i.e. 20 ± 1 °C) for up to 12 days. To counter the bitterness developed, adjunct cultures were used: viable or attenuated (freeze‐shocked or heat shocked). Study of biochemical characteristics, electrophoretic pattern and sensory evaluation of the product were carried out. An acceptable enzyme‐modified, lightly salted cheese base was obtained using 0.025% each of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes, along with 5% starter culture and adjuncts followed by ripening up to 12 days. Freeze‐shocked adjunct Lactobacillus helveticus produced enzyme‐modified cheese base with no detectable bitterness. The usage of exogenous enzymes, temperature of ripening, ripening period and interactions amongst these parameters had significant (P < 0.01) influence on all of the biochemical characteristics monitored.     

Multilevel preconditioning of graph-Laplacians: Polynomial approximation of the pivot blocks inverses

We consider the discrete system resulting from mixed finite element approximation of a second-order elliptic boundary value problem with Crouzeix–Raviart non-conforming elements for the vector valued unknown function and piece-wise constants for the scalar valued unknown function. Since the mass matrix corresponding to the vector valued variables is diagonal, these unknowns can be eliminated exactly. Thus, the problem of designing an efficient algorithm for the solution of the resulting algebraic system is reduced to one of constructing an efficient algorithm for a system whose matrix is a graph-Laplacian (or weighted graph-Laplacian).     

A new modified electrode based on electrochemical oxidation of 1-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene in acetonitrile

Electrooxidative polymerization of the 1-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene (ATHN) monomer on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode was carried out in an acetonitrile solution containing LiClO₄ using consecutive multisweep cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis techniques. The factors that affected the film formation, such as monomer concentration, number of sweeping cycles, sweep rate and limits of potential cycling were investigated in detail. The obtained modified electrode was active only in acidic solutions, and its activity was found to be pH dependent. The effects of pH and temperature on the obtained modified electrode were studied. The obtained modified electrode has been found to improve the electrochemical reversibility and decrease the overpotential of hydroquinone.     

量子绝热近似条件与量子几何势

阐述了传统量子绝热定理，给出了传统的量子绝热近似条件.基于传统的量子绝热近似条件存在不足，采用微扰论思想，通过 绝热变换不变，给出并讨论了新的绝热理论以及新的绝热近似条件.最后对新的绝热条件中所包含量子几何势的几何性进行了较为深入的分析和讨论.     

Influence of reinforcing bar type on autogenous shrinkage stress and bond behavior of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete

This study investigated the effects of reinforcing bar type and reinforcement ratio on the restrained shrinkage behaviors of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), including autogenous shrinkage stress, degree of restraint, and cracking potential. In addition, the influence of the type and embedment length of reinforcing bars on the bond behavior of UHPFRC was evaluated by performing pullout test. Three different reinforcing bars (deformed steel bar, round steel bar, and GFRP bar) were investigated in the restrained shrinkage and pullout tests. The GFRP bar exhibited the best performance in relation to the autogenous shrinkage stress, degree of restraint, and cracking potential because of its low stiffness. The highest bond strength was obtained for the deformed steel bar, and the bar yielding was observed when the bar embedment length of l_b = 2d_b was used. The round steel bar exhibited the poorest behaviors for both of the restrained shrinkage and pullout.     

提高难选冶金矿金精矿品位的试验研究

依据矿石特性 ,在常规浮选的基础上 ,采用再磨再选和新型组合药剂等工艺措施 ,分别对银河高硫含碳细粒金矿和东北寨低硫含碳砷微细粒金矿等难选冶金矿进行了选矿试验研究 ,所得金精矿品位有了较大幅度提高 ,并对其浮选分离作用机理进行了探讨     

Relationship between the Stress Intensity Factors and Bond σ in Graphene Sheet

Relationship between the stress intensity factors and the bond σ in the plane of interatomic hexagonal structures within graphite is given numerically. Under the consideration in this plane, the bond π and van der Waals force are ignored, and the plane strain of macroscopical elasticity is considered. The molecular mechanics is used to describe the displacements of atoms in the area near the tip of a crack, and the linear elastic fracture mechanics is used outside this area. Connection between these two theories is based on an assumption that the displacements of atoms along the boundary described by the molecular mechanics are equal to those described by the fracture mechanics. The nonlinear equations of molecular mechanics derived by the modified Morse potential function are solved by using Matlab software. When choosing the maximum stretching force of atomic bond as a failure criterion, the fracture toughness is obtained for Mode I and Mode II problems.     

Comprehensive study on surfactant role on silver nanoparticles (NPs) prepared via modified Tollens process

Surfactants represent not only commonly used wetting agents but also substances that can be used as growth modifiers in the process of solid nanoparticle (NP) preparation. In this study we report influential character of different types of surfactants – i.e. ionic (SDS, CTAC) and non-ionic (Tween 80) – on fundamental characteristics of silver NPs, which were prepared by a modified Tollens process. The influential character of surfactants was evaluated throughout a reasonable improvement of the polydispersity (in the case of the tested non-ionic surfactants from 8.5% even down to 2.5%) and in the case of ionic surfactant, SDS and CTAC, also significant change of zeta potential (from −20 to −50 mV for the highest tested concentration of SDS). A slight influence of the tested surfactants was observed on the sizes of the prepared silver NPs. Therefore the obtained results from the performed surfactant-assisted syntheses revealed a possibility how to tailor silver NPs by means of their polydispersity and zeta potential according to the application demands.     

Transient and steady-state analysis of catalyst poisoning and mixed potential formation in direct methanol fuel cells

The present dynamic model is developed to investigate the coupled reaction mechanisms in a DMFC and therein associated voltage losses in the catalyst layers. The model describes a complete five-layer membrane electrode assembly (MEA), with gas diffusion layers, catalyst layers and membrane. The analysis of the performance losses are mainly focused on the electrochemical processes. The model accounts for the crossover of both, methanol from anode to cathode and oxygen from cathode to anode. The reactant crossover results in parasitic internal currents that are finally responsible for high overpotentials in both electrodes, so-called mixed potentials. A simplified and general reaction mechanism for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) was selected, that accounts for the coverage of active sites by intermediate species occurring during the MOR. The simulation of the anode potential relaxation after current interruption shows an undershoot behavior like it was measured in the experiment [1]. The model gives an explanation of this phenomenon by the transients of reactant crossover in combination with the change of CO and OH coverages on Pt and Ru, respectively.     

环状气泡动力学数值模型

本文假设气泡运动过程中流场是无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,运用势流理论导出气泡边界面运动的控制方程,建立气泡动力学模型,用边界积分法求解得到气泡等边界的变形及位置.在环状气泡阶段,本文在前人研究成果的基础上分别建立了轴对称涡面模型、轴对称涡环模型以及三维涡环气泡模型.对比不同模型的优缺点及其适用范围,总结了环状气泡模型建立的详细步骤及其必须注意的关键技术,并开发了相应的程序.运用不同模型模拟重力场中气泡的运动,并进行讨论.最后计算了流场中滞后流的速度以及压力随时间的变化,得到一些有规律性的曲线,旨在为相关环状气泡动态特性研究提供参考.